Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint condition characterized by the breakdown of cartilage — the smooth tissue that allows bones to glide against each other. As cartilage deteriorates, bones may rub together, causing pain, swelling, stiffness, and loss of flexibility.

Although osteoarthritis is often associated with aging, it is not simply a result of getting older. Genetics, injuries, and lifestyle factors can also play a role. OA develops gradually and symptoms may worsen over time, but effective treatments are available to manage pain and improve function.

Several factors can contribute to the development of osteoarthritis:

• Aging – risk increases as cartilage naturally wears down over time

• Genetics – inherited traits may make some people more prone to OA

• Previous joint injury – trauma from sports, accidents, or repetitive stress

• Obesity – excess weight increases stress on weight-bearing joints like knees and hips

• Repetitive motion or overuse – jobs or activities that strain specific joints

• Joint malalignment – uneven stress on joints due to bone or cartilage abnormalities

The symptoms of osteoarthritis may vary depending on the joint affected but typically include:

• Joint pain during or after movement

• Stiffness, especially in the morning or after inactivity

• Tenderness around the joint

• Loss of flexibility and reduced range of motion

• Grating or cracking sensation when moving the joint

• Bone spurs (extra bits of bone) around the joint

• Swelling and inflammation in more advanced cases