Peripheral neuropathy is not a single disease but a general term for nerve damage that can result from many different causes. It may affect:

• Sensory nerves (responsible for touch, pain, and temperature)

• Motor nerves (responsible for muscle control)

• Autonomic nerves (responsible for involuntary functions such as heart rate, digestion, and blood pressure)

Depending on the type of nerves affected, symptoms can range from mild discomfort to severe pain and functional impairment.

There are many potential causes of peripheral neuropathy, including:

• Diabetes – the most common cause in the United States

• Alcohol abuse – long-term use can damage nerve tissue

• Vitamin deficiencies – especially B vitamins, which are critical for nerve health

• Autoimmune diseases – such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis

• Infections – including shingles, HIV, and Lyme disease

• Certain medications – particularly chemotherapy drugs

• Trauma or injury – nerve compression or repetitive stress

• Idiopathic – in some cases, the exact cause is unknown

• Symptoms vary depending on the type of nerves involved but often include:

  • Numbness or reduced ability to feel temperature or pain

  • Tingling or “pins and needles” sensations in the hands or feet

  • Sharp, burning, or stabbing pain

  • Muscle weakness or loss of coordination

  • Sensitivity to touch or pain from stimuli that should not be painful

  • Changes in blood pressure or heart rate (autonomic involvement)